800. Orlov A. I. Functionalist-Organic Information Economy – the Organizational-Economic Theory of Innovation Development // BIOCOSMOLOGY – NEO-ARISTOTELISM (Биокосмология – нео-Аристотелизм). Bilingual Electronic Journal of Universalizing Scientific and Philosophical Research based upon the Original Aristotelian Cosmological Organicism.  Vol.3. No.1 (Winter 2013). – P. 52-59. – Режим доступа http://www.biocosmology.ru/elektronnyj-zurnal-biokosmologia-biocosmology-neo-aristotelism/postupivsie-stati/volume-3-number-1-winter-2013 (дата обращения 01.04.2013).

FUNCTIONALIST ORGANIC INFORMATION ECONOMY
 – THE ORGANIZATIONAL-ECONOMIC THEORY 
OF INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT

Alexander I. ORLOV

ФУНКЦИОНАЛИСТСКО ОРГАНИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА – ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Александр Иванович ОРЛОВ

РЕЗЮМЕ. Проанализированы основные идеи функционалистско органической информационной экономики. Обосновано ее использование в качестве базовой организационно-экономической теории взамен «economics». Согласно функционалистско органической информационной экономике современные информационные технологии и теория принятия решений (включая экспертные технологии) позволяют на основе «открытого сетевого общества» построить информационно-коммуникационную систему, предназначенную для выявления потребностей людей и организации производства с целью их удовлетворения. Предшественники – В.М. Глушков, Ст. Бир, П. Кокшотт, А. Коттрелл и др. Основное содержание исследований - прогнозирование развития будущего общества и его экономики, разработка организационно-экономических методов и моделей, предназначенных для повышения эффективности процессов управления. 
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: экономическая теория, менеджмент, информационные технологии, теория принятия решений, прогностика.

ABSTRACT. Analyzes the main idea of functionalist organic information economy. Justified its use as a basic organizational-economic theory instead of «economics». According to the functionalist organic information economy the modern information technology and decision theory (including expert technology) allow, based on the "open network society", to build information and communication system designed to identify the needs of people and the organization of production in order to meet them. Predecessors – V.M. Glushkov, St. Beer, P. Cockshott, A. Cottrell, etc. The main content of research - forecasting of future society and its economy, the development of organizational-economic methods and models designed to improve the effectiveness of management processes.
KEYWORDS: the economic theory, management, information technologies, the decision-making theory,  future research.

The quality of life of citizens, the success of the implementation of public policies in different areas of the country living arrangement is largely, if not primarily determined by the methods of economic management. Practice of economic life, i.e. management of the economy as a whole and its constituent parts (regions, private organizations, etc.), based on economic theory. Unfortunately, we in the Bauman Moscow State Technical University long used alien «economics» as a basic theory from which carry out the specific design. Realizing the inadequacy of the «economics», in the summer of 2007, we based scientific school of Bauman Moscow State Technical University in industrial economy and business administration have begun to develop new basic organizational-economic theory as a replacement «economics» - functionalist organic information economy. It is based on business economics (Engineering Economics), control theory (modern management theory of active systems and decision-making), information technologies, and is the methodological basis of case studies in the field of organizational-economic modeling, economics, and management of the economy, particularly in the industry, management, innovations. Organizational-economic mechanism of production and business activities of enterprises integrated production and corporate structures, regions and the country as a whole offer a design based on functionalist organic information economy.
According to our observations, the mainstream (mainstream) in modern economics - justify failure of the market economy and the need to move to a planned system of economic management. Discussions are the choice of the most appropriate options planning system. For example, within the company or corporation plan must be tough and at the same time to adequately respond to emergency situations, within the region or the country as a whole - indicative.
Planned economy to the mainstream is functionalist organic information economy. Previously, we used the term "informal information economy of the future". On 28 January 2013 the main online resource [8] for the functionalist organic  information economy was viewed more than 56.4 thousand times, published 27 publications [9] (articles and abstracts).
It is recognized that management decisions must be based on the totality of social, technological, economic, environmental, and political factors. This applies primarily to strategic decisions. Managers working for almost obvious that the economic theory - part of management as a science of managing people. Our experience in the airline group "Volga-Dnepr" showed that in management financial issues are only a small part.
According to the functionalist organic  information economy information technology and decision theory (including expert technology) creates an information and communication system designed to identify the needs of people and the organization of production in order to meet them. This capability requires only will of the economic unit, aimed at transforming the management of the unit.
Effectively the current management problems prevent widespread inadequate notion of rational management. According to the P. Drucker, 1873 - "the end of the era of liberalism - the end of a century, during which the political creed was the policy of non-interference in the economy" [2]. But now archaic idea of the "invisible hand of the market" is common in Russia and hinders innovative modernization of control systems.
According to Joseph Stiglitz, "economists are to blame for the crisis, but there is a chance to correct the matter." Speaking of models, which is based "economic theory," Stiglitz states that they "failed completely, and the decisions based on them, were wrong" [11]. Obviously, Stiglitz recognized inadequacy «economics». Consequence - it must be replaced by a new theory with the realities in the XXI. As new theories suggest using functionalist organic information economy.
The term "functionalist organic" (in Aristotle sense) emphasizes the need and the opportunity for independent economic agents, the lack of formal hierarchical schemes, voluntary joint activities, the adoption of solutions satisfying all the result of negotiations and compromises, the prevalence of self-organization and swarms synergetic structures, lack of formal enforcement. Following P.A. Kropotkin, we consider mutual assistance as the engine of progress.
The term "information" reflects the growing role of information and communication technologies, including network, which allows us to predict the development in the field of economy and society in general revolutionary "transformation of quantity into quality," in particular, the transition from representative bodies to direct action on the state as an apparatus of violence to a social contract.
The term "economy" means that we are considering production, organizational and economic aspect of society. Under economies in accordance with Aristotle understand farm management.
In the original title of the new theory was the term "future." It emphasized the orientation of research on prediction and design of the future development of economic systems, without reference to the established traditions of management. Thus, the first task was considered normative forecasting - formulation development (goal setting). We have abandoned the use of the term "future" because "the future is now." Our task - to make recommendations to the heads of economic structures, state and municipal authorities, intended to be used now, and not in the indefinite future.
Discuss the basic ideas of functionalist organic information economy.
Economy as a whole - the maid of society, comply with its requirements. Goals of society are primary, secondary economic mechanisms are intended to implement the requirements of society. Despite the evidence of the above, sometimes try to economic factors to be essential, for example, organized around the profit.
Goals of society are determined by its needs. We presume that these needs can be formulated and agreed upon by society. From a variety of individual and group proposals in discussion and compromise can be identified needs of society as a whole. For a small group (family, clan) to identify common needs billions of times performed in the history of mankind. As the scale of the human community used various versions of the aggregation requirements - gathering of community, the power of the autocrat, representative democracy, the use of government agencies. The solution of national problems must be combined with the rights and freedoms of individuals and groups. However, until recently there was no visible solution to the underlying problem - integration and coordination of the views of all interested parties due to their large numbers. Development of information technology allows the necessary computing resources. The theory and practice of development and decision-making, in particular, methods of peer review, provide an opportunity to apply effective fair procedures for identifying community needs. Spontaneous development goes in that direction, especially when viewed on the scale of centuries. Hence, we need work (this applies to ours), aimed at forecasting the development of decision-making methods in large systems.
In managing the economic system (enterprise, corporation, government) the most difficult - goal setting. What needs to satisfy, in other words, how to formulate a goal to put the optimization problem? Science-fiction writers have proposed various solutions. For example, I.A. Efremov described the future social order, similar to the structure of the human brain: an ongoing forum with their research and coordination-associative centers [3]. To design such a system development and management decision-making - the task of modern decision theory, heavy use of information technology. If a goal is set, it is possible to achieve it and to develop an optimal plan (in natural units) and monitor its implementation. Methodologically it easier task than identifying needs. But until recently, there was not enough computing power. To date, the construction of the optimal plan for the production and distribution of goods and services across the entire Earth - quite solvable problem, as the experience of large multinational companies.
Highly relevant for the development of functionalist organic  information economy are the views of Aristotle. He discusses the management of business entities at various levels - the company, the city (polis), region (satrapy) state. Aristotle introduced a special term "chrematistics," by which he refers to activities aimed at profit, accumulation of wealth, as opposed to the economy - as an activity aimed at meeting the needs of the people, that is, for the production and purchase of goods for the home and the state. Chrematistics as a form of economic organization, Aristotle considered unnatural.
And not just him. Henry Ford in his book "My Life. My achievements "[4], wrote:" ... The task of the enterprise - to produce for consumption and not for profit or speculation ... work for the common good is placed above the benefits ... ".
Effective mechanisms for the adoption and implementation of planning decisions should be based on modern information technology. After the war in our country, as well as throughout the world, to develop different types of control systems. The most ambitious project - in the early 1960s. V.M. Glushkov proposed that the leadership of the USSR to create a nationwide automated system of economic management of the country (OGAS). It gave a real chance to build the most efficient economy in the world. V.M. Glushkov wrote [5]:
"From now on only" machineless "efforts to control small. The first information barrier or threshold mankind can overcome because invented the commodity-money relations and step management structure. Computer technology - that is a modern invention that will step over the second threshold. Is a historical turn to the famous spiral development. When you see the state automated control system, we can easily cover a single glance the whole economy. In a new historical stage, with the new technology, the new increased level we seem to "float" above the point of the dialectical spiral, below which, separated from us by thousands of years, lay a period when their subsistence people easily surveyed the naked eye".
OGAS peculiar, though much more modest in scale, was put into practice in Chile, during the presidency of Salvador Allende. One of the founders of cybernetics St. Beer has developed an automated control system nationalized enterprises in Chile [1]. It was possible to control the production of the country in real time (each enterprise), immediately see the results of decisions and if necessary amended.
In many modern works to solve specific problems of information technology management. On information provision functionalist organic information economy team of young researchers published a special issue of the "Great Circle" [7]. The title of the journal emphasizes the connection with the ideas of I.A. Efremov. In particular, I. Gerasimov said that information technology management at this stage is possible to develop and implement integrated management information system designed to coordinate people, resources, needs, suggestions, join in the working group for the implementation of economic projects, the establishment of direct links between the producers and consumers, better coordination of initiatives and projects in the social scale. The specific functions within the economic bloc are: accounting and allocation of resources, economic exchange experiences and technologies, identifying the needs of the population in goods and services, team building new businesses, accumulation and distribution of investment, coordination of labor collectives, public evaluation of business customers stakeholders, conducting a public dialogue between consumers and producers of goods and services, the publication in good faith complaints of economic entities in destructive activities, the development of optimal schemes of resource and economic development plans [10].
New compared to the times of V.M. Glushkov and St. Beer is a wide spread network technologies that enables the hardware to realize the right of citizens to participate in decisions that affect them. No less important than participation in economic life, is the empowerment of all citizens opportunities to participate directly in the political management of society. This, in particular, the formation of community councils and working groups for collective study and solution of various social problems, evaluate quality of officials, development, discussion, and evaluation of regulations, nomination own and bring them to the management structures, the organization of public dialogue administrative authorities and the public, discussion of candidates for elective office, publication of the identity of citizens characterizing done by them socially significant actions to mobilize the population for direct citizen action expression ... a qualitatively new level in comparison with separate sites of companies and administrative agencies should be integrated portals entire economic sectors and territories. They should have marked the feedback form on the same standards, subject to the principle of "open architecture", to be interconnected channels and regular exchange of data under the control of the population formed community councils at various levels.
Open process of creating real organizational system modules, participant recruitment, laying horizontal relations, operations with it, according to I. Gerasimov, you can - as a synthesis of English terms Open Source, Open Architecture, Commons-based Peer Production, Peer-to-Peer and the Open Society («Open Society") - called Open P2P Society or "Open network society", where the topology is non-hierarchical relationships, and "from each to each," or «Peer to Peer».
One of the main directions of development of modern economic and management thought is information technology management, both at the enterprise level and at the macro level. Their mathematical basis is the theory of management of organizational systems, especially theory of active systems, the theory of decision-making, including on the basis of expert technology.
Based on advanced information technologies and the development and management decision-making became possible and the need to realize the ideas of V.M. Glushkov and St. Beer. As part of the planning system can simulate any market economy, and therefore the planned economy is certainly not less effective than the market. Criticism of the planning system on a national scale was based on the inability to produce the required number of calculations, resulting in planning decisions were late and could not cover the required range of goods and services. As shown by Scottish economist W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell [6], modern information technology removes these problems can organize production to meet needs across the country or humanity as a whole, taking into account individual needs. Capabilities of modern computers is sufficient for the calculation of management decisions on the basis of econometric models. The possibility of self-realization, rapid implementation of creative solutions, is fully realized in the advanced version of the planned economy. With him is incompatible overfulfillment plan, planning of achievement.
Functionalist organic decisions - the most important feature of the systems of decision making. First, freedom of information transmission - each to each, without administrative filters. Second, the participation of all interested individuals and organizations in the development and implementation of solutions (the principle of direct democracy). Of course, you need to develop appropriate decision making. Need technical base, allowing to implement the "Open network society", and the political will to introduce the achievements of functionalist organic information economy.
Functionalist organic information economy is also discussed in [12].

References
1. Beer Stafford. Brain of the Firm, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA, 1972.
2. Drucker Peter F. The New Realities: in Government and Politics, in Economics and Business, in Society and World View (New York: Harper & Row. 1989.
3. Efremov I.A. Andromeda nebula. New York: Penguin Books, 2009.
4. Ford Henry. My Life and Work. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922.
5. Glushkov V.M. Macroeconomic models and principles of OGAS. M.: Statistics, 1975. (In Russian.)
6. http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/hayek_critique.pdf. 
7. http://rusprogressivelib.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/vk1.pdf 
8. http://forum.orlovs.pp.ru/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=570.
9. http://forum.orlovs.pp.ru/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=951.
10. http://www.interface.ru/home.asp?artId=9835. 
11. http://www.vedomosti.ru/finance/analytics/18653.
12. Орлов А.И. Аристотель и неформальная  информационная экономика будущего // BIOCOSMOLOGY – NEO-ARISTOTELISM. Bilingual Electronic Journal of Universalizing Scientific and Philosophical Research based upon the Original Aristotelian Cosmological Organicism. Vol.2. No.3. Summer, 2012. С.150-164. (In Russian.)

Alexander I. ORLOV : DSc (economics), DSc (technics), PhD (mathematics), full professor of Department «Industrial Economy and Management» of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, full professor of Department «Estimation of efficiency of investment projects» of the Moscow physicotechnical institute, the academician of the International academy of researches of the future and the Russian academy of statistical methods, Russia.
E-mail: prof-orlov@mail.ru 
(Александр Иванович ОРЛОВ: проф., доктор экономических наук, доктор технических наук, кандидат физико-математических наук, профессор кафедры «Экономика и организация производства» Московского государственного технического университета им. Н.Э. Баумана, профессор кафедры «Оценка эффективности инвестиционных проектов» Московского физико-технического института, академик Международной академии исследований будущего и Российской академии статистических методов.
E-mail: prof-orlov@mail.ru )